Genres of written language

A. Academic writing

Papers and general subject reports

Academically focused journals

B. Job-related writing

Messages and memos

Letter/emails

Announcements and schedules

C. Personal writing

Letter/emails

Notes

Shopping list


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SCORING METHODS FOR RESPOSIVE AND EXTENSIVE WRITING

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At responsive and extensive levels of writing, three major approaches to scoring writing performance are commonly used by test designers: holistic, primary trait, and analytical. Holistic Scoring Each point on a holistic scale is given a systematic set of descriptors, and the reader-evaluator matches an overall impression with the descriptors, and the reader-evaluator matches an overall impression with the descriptors to arrive at a score. Advantages fast evaluation, relatively high inter-rater reliability, the fact that scores represent “standards” that are easily interpreted by the lay persons, the fact that scores tend to emphasize the writer’s strengths, applicability to writing across many different disciplines. Disadvantages One score masks differences across the subskills within each score. No diagnostic information is available (no washback potential). The scale may not apply equally well to all genres of writing. Raters need to be extensively trained to use
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